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• What causes diverticular disease?
• What are the symptoms?
• Are there complications?
• How does the doctor diagnose diverticular disease?
• What is the treatment for diverticular disease?
• When is surgery necessary?
• Points to Remember
• Additional Readings
• For More Information
When the pouches become infected or inflamed, the condition is called diverticulitis. This happens in 10 to 25 percent of people with diverticulosis. Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are also called diverticular disease.
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What causes diverticular disease?
Though not proven, the dominant theory is that a low-fiber diet is the main cause of diverticular disease. The disease was first noticed in the United States in the early 1900s. At about the same time, processed foods were introduced to the American diet. Many processed foods contain refined, low-fiber flour. Unlike whole-wheat flour, refined flour has no wheat bran.
Diverticular disease is common in developed or industrialized countries--particularly the United States, England, and Australia--where low-fiber diets are common. The disease is rare in countries of Asia and Africa, where people eat high-fiber vegetable diets.
Fiber is the part of fruits, vegetables, and grains that the body cannot digest. Some fiber dissolves easily in water (soluble fiber). It takes on a soft, jelly-like texture in the intestines. Some fiber passes almost unchanged through the intestines (insoluble fiber). Both kinds of fiber help make stools soft and easy to pass. Fiber also prevents constipation.
Constipation makes the muscles strain to move stool that is too hard. It is the main cause of increased pressure in the colon. The excess pressure might be the cause of the weak spots in the colon that bulge out and become diverticula.
Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula become infected or inflamed. Doctors are not certain what causes the infection. It may begin when stool or bacteria are caught in the diverticula. An attack of diverticulitis can develop suddenly and without warning.
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What are the symptoms?
Diverticulosis
Most people with diverticulosis do not have any discomfort or symptoms. However, symptoms may include mild cramps, bloating, and constipation. Other diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and stomach ulcers cause similar problems, so these symptoms do not always mean a person has diverticulosis. You should visit your doctor if you have these troubling symptoms.
Diverticulitis
The most common symptom of diverticulitis is abdominal pain. The most common sign is tenderness around the left side of the lower abdomen. If infection is the cause, fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, cramping, and constipation may occur as well. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of the infection and complications.
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Are there complications?
Diverticulitis can lead to complications such as infections, perforations or tears, blockages, or bleeding. These complications always require treatment to prevent them from progressing and causing serious illness.
Bleeding
Bleeding from diverticula is a rare complication. When diverticula bleed, blood may appear in the toilet or in your stool. Bleeding can be severe, but it may stop by itself and not require treatment. Doctors believe bleeding diverticula are caused by a small blood vessel in a diverticulum that weakens and finally bursts. If you have bleeding from the rectum, you should see your doctor. If the bleeding does not stop, surgery may be necessary.
Abscess, Perforation, and Peritonitis
The infection causing diverticulitis often clears up after a few days of treatment with antibiotics. If the condition gets worse, an abscess may form in the colon.
An abscess is an infected area with pus that may cause swelling and destroy tissue. Sometimes the infected diverticula may develop small holes, called perforations. These perforations allow pus to leak out of the colon into the abdominal area. If the abscess is small and remains in the colon, it may clear up after treatment with antibiotics. If the abscess does not clear up with antibiotics, the doctor may need to drain it.
To drain the abscess, the doctor uses a needle and a small tube called a catheter. The doctor inserts the needle through the skin and drains the fluid through the catheter. This procedure is called percutaneous catheter drainage. Sometimes surgery is needed to clean the abscess and, if necessary, remove part of the colon.
A large abscess can become a serious problem if the infection leaks out and contaminates areas outside the colon. Infection that spreads into the abdominal cavity is called peritonitis. Peritonitis requires immediate surgery to clean the abdominal cavity and remove the damaged part of the colon. Without surgery, peritonitis can be fatal.
Fistula
A fistula is an abnormal connection of tissue between two organs or between an organ and the skin. When damaged tissues come into contact with each other during infection, they sometimes stick together. If they heal that way, a fistula forms. When diverticulitis-related infection spreads outside the colon, the colon's tissue may stick to nearby tissues. The organs usually involved are the bladder, small intestine, and skin.
The most common type of fistula occurs between the bladder and the colon. It affects men more than women. This type of fistula can result in a severe, long-lasting infection of the urinary tract. The problem can be corrected with surgery to remove the fistula and the affected part of the colon.
Intestinal Obstruction
The scarring caused by infection may cause partial or total blockage of the large intestine. When this happens, the colon is unable to move bowel contents normally. When the obstruction totally blocks the intestine, emergency surgery is necessary. Partial blockage is not an emergency, so the surgery to correct it can be planned.
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How does the doctor diagnose diverticular disease?
To diagnose diverticular disease, the doctor asks about medical history, does a physical exam, and may perform one or more diagnostic tests. Because most people do not have symptoms, diverticulosis is often found through tests ordered for another ailment.
The doctor will ask about medical history.
When taking a medical history, the doctor may ask about bowel habits, symptoms, pain, diet, and medications. The physical exam usually involves a digital rectal exam. To perform this test, the doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to detect tenderness, blockage, or blood. The doctor may check stool for signs of bleeding and test blood for signs of infection. The doctor may also order x rays or other tests.
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What is the treatment for diverticular disease?
A high-fiber diet and, occasionally, mild pain medications will help relieve symptoms in most cases. Sometimes an attack of diverticulitis is serious enough to require a hospital stay and possibly surgery.
Diverticulosis
Increasing the amount of fiber in the diet may reduce symptoms of diverticulosis and prevent complications such as diverticulitis. Fiber keeps stool soft and lowers pressure inside the colon so that bowel contents can move through easily. The American Dietetic Association recommends 20 to 35 grams of fiber each day. The table below shows the amount of fiber in some foods that you can easily add to your diet.
Amount of Fiber in Some Foods
Fruits
apple 1 medium = 4 grams
peach 1 medium = 2 grams
pear 1 medium = 4 grams
tangerine 1 medium = 2 grams
Vegetables
acorn squash, fresh, cooked 3/4 cup = 7 grams
asparagus, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 1.5 grams
broccoli, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 2 grams
brussels sprouts, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 2 grams
cabbage, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 2 grams
carrot, fresh, cooked 1 = 1.5 grams
cauliflower, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 2 grams
romaine lettuce 1 cup = 1 gram
spinach, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 2 grams
tomato, raw 1 = 1 gram
zucchini, fresh, cooked 1 cup = 2.5 grams
Starchy Vegetables
black-eyed peas, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 4 grams
lima beans, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 4.5 grams
kidney beans, fresh, cooked 1/2 cup = 6 grams
potato, fresh, cooked 1 = 3 grams
Grains
bread, whole-wheat 1 slice = 2 grams
brown rice, cooked 1 cup = 3.5 grams
cereal, bran flake 3/4 cup = 5 grams
oatmeal, plain, cooked 3/4 cup = 3 grams
white rice, cooked 1 cup = 1 gram
Source: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA Nutrient Database
for standard reference. Available at www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/nut_search.pl.
Accessed September 19, 2001.The doctor may also recommend taking a fiber product
such as Citrucel or Metamucil once a day. These products are mixed with water
and provide about 2 to 3.5 grams of fiber per tablespoon, mixed with 8 ounces
of water.
Until recently, many doctors suggested avoiding foods with small seeds such
as tomatoes or strawberries because they believed that particles could lodge
in the diverticula and cause inflammation. However, this is now a controversial
point and no evidence supports this recommendation. Individuals differ in the
amounts and types of foods they can eat.
If cramps, bloating, and constipation are problems, the doctor may prescribe
a short course of pain medication. However, many medications affect emptying
of the colon, an undesirable side effect for people with diverticulosis.
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Diverticulitis
Treatment for diverticulitis focuses on clearing up the infection and inflammation,
resting the colon, and preventing or minimizing complications. An attack of
diverticulitis without complications may respond to antibiotics within a few
days if treated early.
To help the colon rest, the doctor may recommend bed rest and a liquid diet,
along with a pain reliever.
An acute attack with severe pain or severe infection may require a hospital
stay. Most acute cases of diverticulitis are treated with antibiotics and a
liquid diet. The antibiotics are given by injection into a vein. In some cases,
however, surgery may be necessary.
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When is surgery necessary?
If attacks are severe or frequent, the doctor may advise surgery. The surgeon
opens the abdomen and removes the affected part of the colon. The remaining
sections of the colon are rejoined. This type of surgery, called colon resection,
aims to keep attacks from coming back and to prevent complications. The doctor
may also recommend surgery for complications of a fistula or intestinal obstruction.
If antibiotics do not correct the attack, emergency surgery may be required.
Other reasons for emergency surgery include a large abscess, perforation, peritonitis,
or continued bleeding.
Emergency surgery usually involves two operations. The first surgery will clear
the infected abdominal cavity and remove part of the colon. Because of infection
and sometimes obstruction, it is not safe to rejoin the colon during the first
operation. The surgeon creates a temporary hole, or stoma, in the abdomen during
the first operation. The end of the colon is connected to the hole, a procedure
called a colostomy, to allow normal eating and bowel movement. The stool goes
into a bag attached to the opening in the abdomen. In the second operation,
the surgeon rejoins the ends of the colon.
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Points to Remember
•
Diverticulosis occurs when small pouches, called diverticula, bulge outward
through weak spots in the colon (large intestine).
•
The pouches form when pressure inside the colon builds, usually because of
constipation.
•
Most people with diverticulosis never have any discomfort or symptoms.
•
The most likely cause of diverticulosis is a low-fiber diet because it increases
constipation and pressure inside the colon.
•
For most people with diverticulosis, eating a high-fiber diet is the only treatment
needed.
•
You can increase your fiber intake by eating these foods: whole grain breads
and cereals; fruit like apples and peaches; vegetables like broccoli, cabbage,
spinach, carrots, asparagus, and squash; and starchy vegetables like kidney
beans and lima beans.
•
Diverticulitis occurs when the pouches become infected or inflamed and cause
pain and tenderness around the left side of the lower abdomen.
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Additional Readings
Diverticular disease. In: King JE, ed. Mayo Clinic on Digestive Health. Rochester,
MN: Mayo Clinic; 2000:125-132.
StayWell Company. Diverticulosis and diverticulitis: Understanding and managing
two common colon problems. [Diverticulosis y diverticulitis: Como entender
y controlar problemas comunes del colon]. San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company;
1999. Brochure.
Stollman NH, Raskin JB. Diverticular disease of the colon. Journal of Clinical
Gastroenterology. 1999;29(3):241-252.
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For More Information
International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD),
Inc.
P.O. Box 170864
Milwaukee, WI 53217-8076
Phone: 1-888-964-2001 or (414) 964-1799
Fax: (414) 964-7176
Email: iffgd@iffgd.org
Internet: www.iffgd.org
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The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product
or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this document
are used only because they are considered necessary in the context of the information
provided. If a product is not mentioned, this does not mean or imply that the
product is unsatisfactory.